A Hidden Ocean Might Exist Under Ganymedes Icy Surface

When you think about the Jupiter system, you think of a gas giant planet. It has major storms whirling around in the upper atmosphere. Deep inside, its a tiny rocky world surrounded by layers of liquid metallic hydrogen. It also has strong magnetic and gravitational fields that could be obstacles for any kind human exploration. In other words, an alien place.   Jupiter just doesnt seem like the kind of place that would also have tiny water-rich worlds orbiting around it.   Yet, for at least two decades, astronomers have suspected that the tiny moon Europa had subsurface oceans. They also think that  Ganymede has at least one (or more) oceans as well.  Now, they have strong evidence for a deep saline ocean there. If it turns out to be real, this salty subsurface sea could have more than all the water on Earths surface. Discovering Hidden Oceans How do astronomers know about this ocean? The latest findings were made using the Hubble Space Telescope to study Ganymede. It has an icy crust and a rocky core. What lies between that crust and core have intrigued astronomers for a long time. This is the only moon in the entire solar system that is known to have its own magnetic field. Its also the largest moon in the solar system. Ganymede also has an ionosphere, which is lit up by magnetic storms called aurorae. These are mainly detectable in ultraviolet light.   Because aurorae are controlled by the moons magnetic field (plus the action of Jupiters field), astronomers came up with a way to use the motions of the field to look deep inside Ganymede. (Earth also has aurorae, called informally the northern and southern lights).   Ganymede orbits its parent planet embedded in Jupiters magnetic field. As Jupiters magnetic field changes, the Ganymedean aurora also rock back and forth. By watching the rocking motion of the aurorae, astronomers were able to figure out that theres a large amount of salt water beneath the crust of the moon.The saline-rich water suppresses some of the influence that Jupiters magnetic field has on Ganymede, and that is reflected in the motion of the aurorae.   Based on Hubble data and other observations, scientists estimate the ocean is 60 miles (100 kilometers) deep. Thats about ten times deeper than Earths oceans. It lies under an icy crust thats about 85 miles thick (150 kilometers). Beginning in the 1970s, planetary scientists suspected the moon might have a magnetic field, but they didnt have a good way to confirm its existence. They finally got information about it when the  Galileo spacecraft took brief snapshot measurements of  the magnetic field in 20-minute intervals. Its observations were too  brief to distinctly catch the cyclical rocking of the oceans secondary  magnetic field. The new observations could only be  accomplished with a space telescope high above Earths atmosphere, which  blocks most ultraviolet light. The Hubble  Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, which is sensitive to ultraviolet light given off by the auroral activity on Ganymede, studied the aurorae in great detail.    Ganymede was discovered in 1610 by astronomer Galileo Galilei. He spotted it in January of that year, along with three other moons: Io, Europa, and Callisto. Ganymede was first imaged up-close by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1979, followed by a visit from Voyager 2 later that year.  Since that time, it has been studied by the Galileo and New Horizons missions, as well as Hubble Space Telescope and many ground-based observatories.The search for water on worlds such as Ganymede is part of a larger exploration of worlds in the solar system that could be hospitable to life.   There are now several worlds, besides Earth, that could (or are confirmed) to have water: Europa, Mars, and Enceladus (orbiting Saturn). In addition, the dwarf planet Ceres is thought to have a subsurface ocean.

Post Merger Performance Of Acquiring Firms From Different Industries Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1176 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.1 OBJECTIVE A survey among Indian corporate managers in 2006 by Grant Thornton found that Mergers Acquisitions are a significant form of business strategy today for Indian Corporate. The three main objectives behind any MA transaction, for corporate today were found to be: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Improving Revenues and Profitability ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Faster growth in scale and quicker time to market ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Acquisition of new technology or competence The overall Objectives of the research is to try and show the quantities approach towards pre and post merger and acquisition of 3 different sector of industry, according to:- Share price difference Price earning Ratio Earnings per share Profitability. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Post Merger Performance Of Acquiring Firms From Different Industries Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 1.2 AIMS To analysis the financial statement and Investment ratio of a company or sector during pre and post mergers. (Where they were and where they are). LITERATURE REVIEWS In the last four decades, there were ample number of studies on merger and acquisitions and numerous of theories have been proposed and tested for observed corroboration (Mantravadi, 2008). In an article by Canyon et. al, 2000, merger activity of this form has implications for corporate governance. Although the shareholders may gain from such breach of trust, whereas other stakeholders may suffer and the net consequences are far from clear. While Pillof et.al, 1996, argues, that mergers and acquisition activity results in overall benefits to shareholder when the consolidated post- merger firm is more valuable than the two different entities (pre-merger). Researchers have studied the economic impact of mergers and acquisitions on industry consolidation, returns to shareholders following mergers and acquisitions, and the post-merger performance of companies. Several measures have been suggested for analysing the success of mergers. Such measures have included both short term and l ong-term impacts of merger announcements, effects on shareholder returns of aborted mergers hostile takeover attempts and open offers etc. 3. METHODOLOGY In the effect of merger, this research will calculate a set of financial ratios such as share price difference, price earning, liquidity ratio, debt ratio, market ratios, earning per share, profitability ratios etc, these financial ratios were computed on the basis of pre and post mergers (3 years each). Financial ratios will help the firm to analyse their position. These ratios are also useful to estimate the complete financial position of a firm or an organisation. (Megginson et. al, 2008, p46-51). The post-merger performance will be comparing with the pre-merger performance and tested for significant differences, using paired t test. Further, companies in the sample should not have been engaged in further mergers/acquisitions within four years after the merger under study. A list of companies involved in mergers during 1995-2006 will be compiling from various sources like business magazines, investment web sites, web sites of the BSE and NSE, SEBIs web site (for details of co mpanies making open offers for takeovers), and databases of Capitoline and Prowess. Merger cases where at least two years of data for pre-merger period and at least four years data for post-merger period was not available were removed from the study sample. 4 . METHOD Data Collection and Analysis 4.1 Data collection Data on operating performance ratios for up to three years prior and three years after the acquisition year for each acquiring company in the sample was extracted from Prowess database of CMIE. The sample list of firms was further divided into industry-wise sub-samples (for significant sample sizes). 4.2 Data analysis Pre-merger and post-merger operating performance ratios were estimated and the averages computed for the entire set of sample firms, which have gone through mergers during the period 1995 to 2006. The average ratios for each of the industry sub-samples were also computed. Average pre merger and post merger financial performance ratios were compared to see if there was any statistically significant change in operating performance due to mergers, using paired two sample t-test at confidence level of 0.05. 5. PERSONAL SUITABILITY 5.1 Research background The researcher is graduated from Pune University with commerce as background in 2009 with first class with distinction. During the 3 years of bachelor degree, the researcher undertook various subjects such as accounting, costing, economics, etc. This will help the researcher to write the dissertation on the above topic. 5.2 Present position The researchers currently studying in masters course on management in John Moores University. This is a compulsory module in order to proceed to the dissertation module. The researcher is also studying finance in another module, which help him to write about the above topic. 6. REFERENCES Alston, P. (2002) Resisting the Merger and Acquisition of Human Rights by Trade Law: A Reply to Peterrmann, EJIL, Vol.13 4 pp. 815-844. Andrade, G. Et al (2001) New Evidence and Perspectives on Mergers, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15 2, pp. 103-120. Baker, M. and Savasoglu, S. (2002) Limited Arbitrage in Mergers and Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 64, pp. 91-115. Barkoulas, J.T. et. al Waves and Persistence in Merger and Acquisition Activity, Berger, A.N. et. al(1997) The Effect of Bank merger and acquisitions on Small Business lending. Brockbank, W. (1999) If HR Were Really Strategically Proactive: Present and Future Directions in HRs Contribution to Competitive Advantage, Human Resources Management, Vol. 34 4 pp.337-352. Cartwright, S. and Schoenberg, R. (2006) 30 years of Mergers and Acquisition Research: Recent Advances and Future Opportunities, British Journal of Management, vol.17 pp.S1-S5. Conyon, M. et al (2000) The Imp act of Mergers and Acquisitions on Company Employment in the United Kingdom Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets. Hennart, J. And Reddy, S. (1997) The Choice Between Mergers/Acquisitions and Joint Ventures: A Case of Japanese Investors in the United States, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 1-12. Holmstrom, B. and Kaplan, S.N. (2001) Corporate Governance and Merger Activity in the United States: Making Sense of the 1980s and 1990s, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15 2, pp. 121-144. Jovanovic, B. and Rousseau, P.L. (2002) The Q-Theory of Mergers, National Bureau of Economic Research. Loughran, T. and Vijh, A.M.(1997) Do Long-Term Shareholders Benefit From Corporate Acquisitions?, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 52 5 pp. 1765 1790. Mantravadi, P. and Reddy, A. V. (2008) Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms from Different Industries in India, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Vol. 22. Megginson, W. L. a nd Smart, S. (2008). Corporate Finance. Cengage learning publication London. P.46-51. Moeller, S. B.et al (2003) Wealth destruction on a massive scale? A study of acquiring-firm returns in the recent merger wave. Nonako, I. and Toyama, R. (2002) A Firm as a Dialectical Being: Towards a Dynamic Theory of a Firm, Industrial and Corporate change, Vol. 11 5, pp. 995-1009. Officer, M. S. (2002), Termination Fees in Mergers and Acquisitions. Pilloff, S.J. and Santomero, A.M. (1996) The Value Effects of Bank Mergers and Acquisitions, Financial Institutions Centre. Rossi, S. and Volpin, P.F.(2004) Cross-Country Determinants of Mergers and Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 74, pp. 277-304. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (2003) Stock Market Driven Acquisitions, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 70, pp. 295-311. Thornton, G. (2006) The MA and Private Equity Scenario Wen, W. Et. al (2005) A Hybrid Knowledge-Based Decision Support System for Enterprise Mergers and Acquisitions, Expert System with Applications, Vol. 28, pp.569-582. Worthington, A.C. (2004) Determinants of Merger and Acquisition Activity in Australian Cooperative Deposit-Taking Institutions, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 57 1 pp. 47-57. 7. APPENDICES 7.1 APPENDIX 1

Book Review This Changes Everything - 1681 Words

Book Review: This Changes Everything, by Naomi Klein, published: Sept. 2014 Summarize the book. What is being discussed? Rob Nixon of the New York Times called Naomi Klein’s â€Å"This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate† â€Å"a book of such ambition and consequence that it is almost unreviewable.[1]† Naomi Klein researches the impact of Climate change and its relationship with free market capitalism. She discusses capitalism as failed economic system. She goes into great depth on the subject of resource extraction, pollution and the events of surrounding the affected communities in these regions across the world. However, rather than concluding that things are hopeless Naomi Klein argues that: We can build something better and†¦show more content†¦There are people working to make a buck against their own ethical standards and then leaving dirty energy as soon as they can. The openly recognize that the answer to a better life is right under their noses. 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Nurse Task free essay sample

The nurse in the case study is faced with an ethical and professional, dilemma. How can she be an advocate for her patient Mr. E? Dr G. is proceeding on a course of action or plan of care that is directly contrary to the patients advance directive and his verbalized objections to the course of treatment proposed by the physician and that is concerning for her. There are multiple issues to consider. For the nurse, she needs to think about her code of ethics, her scope of practice and the legal issues regarding advance directives and Durable Power Of Attorney She also needs to consider the patients right to privacy and confidentiality. As with most areas and issues in modern healthcare the statues can be vague and sometimes the issues can be in conflict with our own personal beliefs. In California, nurses look for guidance to their professional body and to the nurse practice act, which is a set of laws that mandates the board of registered nursing to set out the scope of practice and responsibilities for Registered Nurses. We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse Task or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The California nurse practice act recognizes the existence of overlapping functions between physicians and registered nurses but registered nurses are authorized to perform independent nursing functions related to â€Å"direct and indirect patient care services that insure the safety, comfort, personal hygiene and protection of patients. †(CA nurse practice act, 1995) In California, a registered nurse has a duty to insure safety and protection of her patients. Some of the verbiage in the act is broad and open to interpretation, and it could be argued to what extent they apply in this case. The practice act further clarifies this expectation by stating; a registered nurse ‘acts as a client’s advocate, by giving the client, the opportunity to make informed decisions about health care before it is provided’. (California code of Regulations Title 16) All of these state laws make it clear that nursing is responsible for managing itself. Nurses have a professional and legal obligation in their advocacy role to assess the care prescribed and act to ensure that the patient does not endure procedures that the patient have not authorized. To act without consent is a form of battery.